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Бывают случаи когда на новом сервере необходимо установить старую версию MySQL 5.7. Не всегда можно перевести работающий ресурс на работу с новой версией или перевод требует больших трудов в изменении кода ресурса.

Вступление

С установкой старой версии PHP 5.6 всё гораздо проще и об этом рассказано в статье Нескольких версий PHP на сервере Linux.

Установку будем делать из бинарного дистрибутива. Перечень возможных бинарных дистрибутивов вы можете посмотреть по ссылке MySQL Community Downloads. Так же, можете ознакомиться с инструкцией по установке версии 5.7.

Можно одновременно установить несколько версий и трудностей с этим не возникнет. Важно указывать правильно пути и названия команд управления. Например, в нашем случае используется mysql-5.7. Кроме того, на одном из серверов мне необходима была только одна версия и всю настройку я сделал с учетом что будет использоваться только mysql.

При выполнении резервной копии базы данных и востановлении не забываем указывать правильное имя сервиса.

Более подробно об установке и настройке Rocky Linux вы можете в статье Rocky Linux 8 установка и настройка.

Предварительная подготовка

Установим необходимые пакеты которые нам могут потребоваться:

dnf install libaio  libaio-devel libncurses* tar wget

Создаём необходимую группу и пользователя:

groupadd mysql
useradd -r -g mysql -s /bin/false mysql

Скачиваем исходник MySQL 5.7

Скачиваем необходимую версию:

wget https://dev.mysql.com/get/Downloads/MySQL-5.7/mysql-5.7.37-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz

Распаковываем архив без вывода информации о процессе:

tar -zxf mysql-5.7.37-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz

Или с выводом информации:

tar zxvf mysql-5.7.37-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz

Устанавливаем MySQL 5.7

Переименовываем и переносим папку в необходимое место:

mv mysql-5.7.37-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64 /opt/mysql-5.7

Создаём необходимые ссылки:

ln -s /opt/mysql-5.7/bin/mysql /usr/local/bin/mysql-5.7
ln -s /opt/mysql-5.7/bin/mysqldump /usr/local/bin/mysqldump-5.7

Переходим в папку и создаем папку под данные с назначением необходимых прав:

cd /opt/mysql-5.7
mkdir ./data
chown mysql:mysql ./data
chmod 755 ./data

Произведем начальную настройку сервера MySQL:

/opt/mysql-5.7 # ./bin/mysqld --initialize --user=mysql --basedir=./ --character-set-server=utf8
= вывод команды =
2022-02-02T06:37:58.431193Z 0 [Warning] TIMESTAMP with implicit DEFAULT value is deprecated. Please use --explicit_defaults_for_timestamp 
server option (see documentation for more details).
2022-02-02T06:38:00.706137Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: New log files created, LSN=45790
2022-02-02T06:38:01.541332Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: Creating foreign key constraint system tables.
2022-02-02T06:38:01.967699Z 0 [Warning] No existing UUID has been found, so we assume that this is the first time that this server has been started. Generating a new UUID: ab3a127b-83f2-11ec-a16b-0e4799458f07.
2022-02-02T06:38:02.022913Z 0 [Warning] Gtid table is not ready to be used. Table 'mysql.gtid_executed' cannot be opened.
2022-02-02T06:38:03.275737Z 0 [Warning] A deprecated TLS version TLSv1 is enabled. Please use TLSv1.2 or higher.
2022-02-02T06:38:03.275828Z 0 [Warning] A deprecated TLS version TLSv1.1 is enabled. Please use TLSv1.2 or higher.
2022-02-02T06:38:03.276874Z 0 [Warning] CA certificate ca.pem is self signed.
2022-02-02T06:38:03.592321Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for root@localhost: zRD?OXe,5NsfvfgTI

В выводе присутствует пароль который потребуется нам позже.

Копируем в необходимое место:

cp support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysql-5.7

Открываем и приводим к коду указанному ниже в спойлере:

vim /etc/init.d/mysql-5.7
Необходимый код файла /etc/init.d/mysql-5.7

#!/bin/sh
# Copyright Abandoned 1996 TCX DataKonsult AB & Monty Program KB & Detron HB
# This file is public domain and comes with NO WARRANTY of any kind
 
# MySQL daemon start/stop script.
 
# Usually this is put in /etc/init.d (at least on machines SYSV R4 based
# systems) and linked to /etc/rc3.d/S99mysql and /etc/rc0.d/K01mysql.
# When this is done the mysql server will be started when the machine is
# started and shut down when the systems goes down.
 
# Comments to support chkconfig on RedHat Linux
# chkconfig: 2345 64 36
# description: A very fast and reliable SQL database engine.
 
# Comments to support LSB init script conventions
### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides: mysql-5.7
# Required-Start: $local_fs $network $remote_fs
# Should-Start: ypbind nscd ldap ntpd xntpd
# Required-Stop: $local_fs $network $remote_fs
# Default-Start:  2 3 4 5
# Default-Stop: 0 1 6
# Short-Description: start and stop MySQL
# Description: MySQL is a very fast and reliable SQL database engine.
### END INIT INFO
 
# If you install MySQL on some other places than /usr/local/mysql, then you
# have to do one of the following things for this script to work:
#
# - Run this script from within the MySQL installation directory
# - Create a /etc/my.cnf file with the following information:
#   [mysqld]
#   basedir=<path-to-mysql-installation-directory>
# - Add the above to any other configuration file (for example ~/.my.ini)
#   and copy my_print_defaults to /usr/bin
# - Add the path to the mysql-installation-directory to the basedir variable
#   below.
#
# If you want to affect other MySQL variables, you should make your changes
# in the /etc/my.cnf, ~/.my.cnf or other MySQL configuration files.
 
# If you change base dir, you must also change datadir. These may get
# overwritten by settings in the MySQL configuration files.
 
basedir=/opt/mysql-5.7
datadir=
mycnf=/etc/mysql/5.7/my.cnf
 
# Default value, in seconds, afterwhich the script should timeout waiting
# for server start. 
# Value here is overriden by value in my.cnf. 
# 0 means don't wait at all
# Negative numbers mean to wait indefinitely
service_startup_timeout=900
 
# Lock directory for RedHat / SuSE.
lockdir='/var/lock/subsys'
lock_file_path="$lockdir/mysql"
 
# The following variables are only set for letting mysql.server find things.
 
# Set some defaults
mysqld_pid_file_path=
if test -z "$basedir"
then
  basedir=/usr/local/mysql
  bindir=/usr/local/mysql/bin
  if test -z "$datadir"
  then
    datadir=/usr/local/mysql/data
  fi
  sbindir=/usr/local/mysql/bin
  libexecdir=/usr/local/mysql/bin
else
  bindir="$basedir/bin"
  if test -z "$datadir"
  then
    datadir="$basedir/data"
  fi
  sbindir="$basedir/sbin"
  libexecdir="$basedir/libexec"
fi
 
# datadir_set is used to determine if datadir was set (and so should be
# *not* set inside of the --basedir= handler.)
datadir_set=
 
#
# Use LSB init script functions for printing messages, if possible
#
lsb_functions="/lib/lsb/init-functions"
if test -f $lsb_functions ; then
  . $lsb_functions
else
  log_success_msg()
  {
    echo " SUCCESS! $@"
  }
  log_failure_msg()
  {
    echo " ERROR! $@"
  }
fi
 
PATH="/sbin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/usr/bin:$basedir/bin"
export PATH
 
mode=$1    # start or stop
 
[ $# -ge 1 ] && shift
 
 
other_args="$*"   # uncommon, but needed when called from an RPM upgrade action
           # Expected: "--skip-networking --skip-grant-tables"
           # They are not checked here, intentionally, as it is the resposibility
           # of the "spec" file author to give correct arguments only.
 
case `echo "testing\c"`,`echo -n testing` in
    *c*,-n*) echo_n=   echo_c=     ;;
    *c*,*)   echo_n=-n echo_c=     ;;
    *)       echo_n=   echo_c='\c' ;;
esac
 
parse_server_arguments() {
  for arg do
    case "$arg" in
      --basedir=*)  basedir=`echo "$arg" | sed -e 's/^[^=]*=//'`
                    bindir="$basedir/bin"
		    if test -z "$datadir_set"; then
		      datadir="$basedir/data"
		    fi
		    sbindir="$basedir/sbin"
		    libexecdir="$basedir/libexec"
        ;;
      --datadir=*)  datadir=`echo "$arg" | sed -e 's/^[^=]*=//'`
		    datadir_set=1
	;;
      --pid-file=*) mysqld_pid_file_path=`echo "$arg" | sed -e 's/^[^=]*=//'` ;;
      --service-startup-timeout=*) service_startup_timeout=`echo "$arg" | sed -e 's/^[^=]*=//'` ;;
    esac
  done
}
 
wait_for_pid () {
  verb="$1"           # created | removed
  pid="$2"            # process ID of the program operating on the pid-file
  pid_file_path="$3" # path to the PID file.
 
  i=0
  avoid_race_condition="by checking again"
 
  while test $i -ne $service_startup_timeout ; do
 
    case "$verb" in
      'created')
        # wait for a PID-file to pop into existence.
        test -s "$pid_file_path" && i='' && break
        ;;
      'removed')
        # wait for this PID-file to disappear
        test ! -s "$pid_file_path" && i='' && break
        ;;
      *)
        echo "wait_for_pid () usage: wait_for_pid created|removed pid pid_file_path"
        exit 1
        ;;
    esac
 
    # if server isn't running, then pid-file will never be updated
    if test -n "$pid"; then
      if kill -0 "$pid" 2>/dev/null; then
        :  # the server still runs
      else
        # The server may have exited between the last pid-file check and now.  
        if test -n "$avoid_race_condition"; then
          avoid_race_condition=""
          continue  # Check again.
        fi
 
        # there's nothing that will affect the file.
        log_failure_msg "The server quit without updating PID file ($pid_file_path)."
        return 1  # not waiting any more.
      fi
    fi
 
    echo $echo_n ".$echo_c"
    i=`expr $i + 1`
    sleep 1
 
  done
 
  if test -z "$i" ; then
    log_success_msg
    return 0
  else
    log_failure_msg
    return 1
  fi
}
 
# Get arguments from the my.cnf file,
# the only group, which is read from now on is [mysqld]
if test -x "$bindir/my_print_defaults";  then
  print_defaults="$bindir/my_print_defaults"
else
  # Try to find basedir in /etc/my.cnf
  conf=/etc/my.cnf
  print_defaults=
  if test -r $conf
  then
    subpat='^[^=]*basedir[^=]*=\(.*\)$'
    dirs=`sed -e "/$subpat/!d" -e 's//\1/' $conf`
    for d in $dirs
    do
      d=`echo $d | sed -e 's/[ 	]//g'`
      if test -x "$d/bin/my_print_defaults"
      then
        print_defaults="$d/bin/my_print_defaults"
        break
      fi
    done
  fi
 
  # Hope it's in the PATH ... but I doubt it
  test -z "$print_defaults" && print_defaults="my_print_defaults"
fi
 
#
# Read defaults file from 'basedir'.   If there is no defaults file there
# check if it's in the old (depricated) place (datadir) and read it from there
#
 
extra_args=""
if test -r "$basedir/my.cnf"
then
  extra_args="-e $basedir/my.cnf"
fi
 
parse_server_arguments `$print_defaults $extra_args mysqld server mysql_server mysql.server`
 
#
# Set pid file if not given
#
if test -z "$mysqld_pid_file_path"
then
  mysqld_pid_file_path=$datadir/`hostname`.pid
else
  case "$mysqld_pid_file_path" in
    /* ) ;;
    * )  mysqld_pid_file_path="$datadir/$mysqld_pid_file_path" ;;
  esac
fi
 
case "$mode" in
  'start')
    # Start daemon
 
    # Safeguard (relative paths, core dumps..)
    cd $basedir
 
    echo $echo_n "Starting MySQL"
    if test -x $bindir/mysqld_safe
    then
      # Give extra arguments to mysqld with the my.cnf file. This script
      # may be overwritten at next upgrade.
      $bindir/mysqld_safe --defaults-file="$mycnf" --datadir="$datadir" --pid-file="$mysqld_pid_file_path" $other_args >/dev/null &
      wait_for_pid created "$!" "$mysqld_pid_file_path"; return_value=$?
 
      # Make lock for RedHat / SuSE
      if test -w "$lockdir"
      then
        touch "$lock_file_path"
      fi
 
      exit $return_value
    else
      log_failure_msg "Couldn't find MySQL server ($bindir/mysqld_safe)"
    fi
    ;;
 
  'stop')
    # Stop daemon. We use a signal here to avoid having to know the
    # root password.
 
    if test -s "$mysqld_pid_file_path"
    then
      # signal mysqld_safe that it needs to stop
      touch "$mysqld_pid_file_path.shutdown"
 
      mysqld_pid=`cat "$mysqld_pid_file_path"`
 
      if (kill -0 $mysqld_pid 2>/dev/null)
      then
        echo $echo_n "Shutting down MySQL"
        kill $mysqld_pid
        # mysqld should remove the pid file when it exits, so wait for it.
        wait_for_pid removed "$mysqld_pid" "$mysqld_pid_file_path"; return_value=$?
      else
        log_failure_msg "MySQL server process #$mysqld_pid is not running!"
        rm "$mysqld_pid_file_path"
      fi
 
      # Delete lock for RedHat / SuSE
      if test -f "$lock_file_path"
      then
        rm -f "$lock_file_path"
      fi
      exit $return_value
    else
      log_failure_msg "MySQL server PID file could not be found!"
    fi
    ;;
 
  'restart')
    # Stop the service and regardless of whether it was
    # running or not, start it again.
    if $0 stop  $other_args; then
      $0 start $other_args
    else
      log_failure_msg "Failed to stop running server, so refusing to try to start."
      exit 1
    fi
    ;;
 
  'reload'|'force-reload')
    if test -s "$mysqld_pid_file_path" ; then
      read mysqld_pid <  "$mysqld_pid_file_path"
      kill -HUP $mysqld_pid && log_success_msg "Reloading service MySQL"
      touch "$mysqld_pid_file_path"
    else
      log_failure_msg "MySQL PID file could not be found!"
      exit 1
    fi
    ;;
  'status')
    # First, check to see if pid file exists
    if test -s "$mysqld_pid_file_path" ; then 
      read mysqld_pid < "$mysqld_pid_file_path"
      if kill -0 $mysqld_pid 2>/dev/null ; then 
        log_success_msg "MySQL running ($mysqld_pid)"
        exit 0
      else
        log_failure_msg "MySQL is not running, but PID file exists"
        exit 1
      fi
    else
      # Try to find appropriate mysqld process
      mysqld_pid=`pidof $libexecdir/mysqld`
 
      # test if multiple pids exist
      pid_count=`echo $mysqld_pid | wc -w`
      if test $pid_count -gt 1 ; then
        log_failure_msg "Multiple MySQL running but PID file could not be found ($mysqld_pid)"
        exit 5
      elif test -z $mysqld_pid ; then 
        if test -f "$lock_file_path" ; then 
          log_failure_msg "MySQL is not running, but lock file ($lock_file_path) exists"
          exit 2
        fi 
        log_failure_msg "MySQL is not running"
        exit 3
      else
        log_failure_msg "MySQL is running but PID file could not be found"
        exit 4
      fi
    fi
    ;;
    *)
      # usage
      basename=`basename "$0"`
      echo "Usage: $basename  {start|stop|restart|reload|force-reload|status}  [ MySQL server options ]"
      exit 1
    ;;
esac
 
exit 0

[свернуть]

Назначаем необходимые права:

chmod +x /etc/init.d/mysql-5.7

Создаем папку для конфигурации сервера и создаём файл конфигурации:

mkdir -p /etc/mysql/5.7
vim /etc/mysql/5.7/my.cnf
= необходимый код =
[client]
default-character-set = utf8
port = 3307
socket = /tmp/mysql-5.7.sock
 
[mysqld]
basedir = /opt/mysql-5.7
bind-address = 0.0.0.0
character-set-server = utf8
collation-server = utf8_general_ci
port = 3307
socket = /tmp/mysql-5.7.sock
default-authentication-plugin = mysql_native_password
server-id = 1
 
[mysqldump]
quick
max_allowed_packet = 16M
 
[mysql]
default-character-set = utf8
no-auto-rehash

Обращаю внимание что указывается не стандартный порт для работы сервиса. Можете указать стандартный порт 3306 для работы MySQL.

Добавляем в автозагрузку и запускаем:

systemctl enable mysql-5.7 
systemctl start mysql-5.7

= или одной командой =
systemctl enable --now mysql-5.7

Авторизуемся, меняем пароль и смотрим статус работы сервера MySQL:

/opt/mysql-5.7 # mysql-5.7 --defaults-file=/etc/mysql/5.7/my.cnf -u root -p
Enter password: вводим пароль от root
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 2
Server version: 5.7.37
 
Copyright (c) 2000, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates.
 
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
 
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
 
mysql> STATUS;
ERROR 1820 (HY000): You must reset your password using ALTER USER statement before executing this statement.
= вывод нам говорит что необходимо сменить пароль и мы его меняем =
mysql> SET PASSWORD = PASSWORD('пароль');
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0,00 sec)
= выходим =
mysql> \q
Bye
= авторизуемся с новым паролем =
/opt/mysql-5.7 # mysql-5.7 --defaults-file=/etc/mysql/5.7/my.cnf -u root -p
Enter password: 
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 3
Server version: 5.7.37 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
 
Copyright (c) 2000, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates.
 
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
 
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
 
mysql> STATUS;
= вывод команды =
--------------
mysql-5.7  Ver 14.14 Distrib 5.7.37, for linux-glibc2.12 (x86_64) using  EditLine wrapper
 
Connection id:		3
Current database:	
Current user:		root@localhost
SSL:			Not in use
Current pager:		stdout
Using outfile:		''
Using delimiter:	;
Server version:		5.7.37 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
Protocol version:	10
Connection:		Localhost via UNIX socket
Server characterset:	utf8
Db     characterset:	utf8
Client characterset:	utf8
Conn.  characterset:	utf8
UNIX socket:		/tmp/mysql-5.7.sock
Uptime:			2 min 15 sec
 
Threads: 1  Questions: 9  Slow queries: 0  Opens: 109  Flush tables: 1  Open tables: 102  Queries per second avg: 0.066
--------------
 
mysql> \q
Bye

Заключение

Поддерживать систему в актуальном состоянии важно и нужно. Все необходимые старые версии программного обеспечения вы всегда сможете установить с небольшими усилиями.

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